Microbiome interference: The use of broad-spectrum antibiotics (ATBs) negatively impacts ICI therapeutic efficacy, potentially due to their disruption of the gut microbiota and consequent adverse effects on immune function (58), Conversely, leveraging gut microbiota to enhance immunotherapy shows promise; for instance, Fusobacterium nucleatum has been shown to potentiate the anti-tumor effects of PD-L1 blockade in colorectal cancer (59). This evidence concerns the gene CD274 and colorectal cancer.