HFpEF: heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; SGLT2: sodium-glucose cotransporter 2; GPL-1: glucagon-like peptide-1; ECM: extracellular matrix; TGF-β: transforming growth factor-beta; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-alpha; IL-6: interleukin-6. Here, TGFB1 is linked to heart failure.