Beyond their biological relevance, five of these genes (ALB, APOH, FGB, FGG, and TF) have been previously validated in HCC EVs for early detection [21] and have also been detected in circulating tumor cells (CTCs), underscoring their relevance as biomarkers for noninvasive HCC diagnostics and treatment monitoring [32]. Here, APOH is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.