A 1.0-mL clinical or synthetic plasma sample was incubated with the cocktail (14 μL) of three TCO-grafted HCC EV-associated antibodies (TCO-anti-EpCAM [200 ng], TCO-anti-CD147 [250 ng], and TCO-anti-ASGPR1 [500 ng]) at room temperature for 45 min. Here, BSG is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.