LCN2 and infection: Clinical biomarker profiling revealed circulating LCN2 concentrations demonstrate significant elevation during the hyperacute phase of acute ischemic stroke, which might induce post-stroke infections and cardiovascular mortality.177 In a mice model of ischemic stroke, LCN2 in serum was strikingly increased after stroke but decreased post-ischemia,179 which could be considered as an early blood biomarker for stroke.