Exo-PSA consensus score (EXOMIX), immunocapture-based ELISA (IC-ELISA), and nanoscale flow-cytometry (NSFC) demonstrated 98% to 100% specificity and sensitivity for BPH-PCa discrimination, while statistical analysis revealed that the levels of plasmatic exosomes expressing both CD81 and PSA were significantly higher in PCa compared to both BPH and healthy donors, reaching 100% specificity and sensitivity in differentiating PCa patients from healthy individuals [226]. Here, PROS1 is linked to benign prostatic hyperplasia.