TNF and allergic disease: A possible relationship between allergy-mediated MC activation and ASD has been hypothesized, supported by evidence that neuroinflammation-related cytokines/chemokines, such as interleukine-1β (IL-1β), IL-8 (CXCL8), and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), are widely correlated with the development of ASD [103].