CASR and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: CaSR activation leads to the induction of various signaling pathways associated with IPF pathogenesis, including increases in intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) [28] and Rho kinase-mediated actin stress fiber assembly [31], activation of ERK1/2 and PI3K/Akt [32,33], and a reduction in intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) concentrations [24].