CASR and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: Our studies show that: (1) polyamine levels are increased in the saliva of IPF patients; (2) polyamines directly act at the CaSR, a receptor expressed in normal and IPF human lung fibroblasts, leading to a rise in intracellular calcium concentration; (3) TGFβ1 upregulates the expression of both polyamines and CaSR in NHLFs, and polyamines only in IPF fibroblasts; and (4) CaSR inhibition with NAM abrogates the key effects of pro-fibrotic stimuli in both normal and IPF HLFs, suggesting that the CaSR and NAM might hold therapeutic potential for the treatment of IPF.