PPARG and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: SCFAs influence obesity-related processes through various pathways, including inducing a switch from lipid synthesis to utilization by decreasing peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) expression and activity, activation of 5′ adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) to stimulate oxidative metabolism, and the reduction of cholesterol levels [152,192,201] (Figure 2).