INS and type 2 diabetes mellitus: In another recent randomized clinical trial, Khosravi et al. reported decreased postprandial blood sugar levels (p = 0.016), as well as increased insulin levels (p = 0.047) and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (p = 0.008) in patients with T2DM treated with sodium butyrate compared to baseline [178] (Table 1).