Among others, targeted genes were enriched in pathways related to signal transduction (e.g. MAPK, Hippo, TNF, p53, PI3K-Akt, Wnt, TGF-beta, JAK-STAT and the Hedgehog signaling pathway), immune system (T-cell receptor signaling pathway, IL-17 signaling pathway, NOD-like receptor signaling pathway), cellular community (adherens junction, focal adhesion, tight junction, gap junction), apoptosis or bacterial invasion of epithelial cells, which are relevant for CD pathogenesis. The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is Cowden disease.