AR and cryptorchidism: The second cluster (green), comprising 191 articles, delves into the connection between hypospadias and cryptorchidism within testicular hypoplasia syndrome, investigating environmental endocrinology through terms such as “testicular dysgenesis syndrome,” “androgen receptor,” and “endocrine-disrupting chemicals.” This cluster examines how external substances may impact androgen levels during embryonic development or disrupt the pathways leading to hypospadias.