NFE2L2 and B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia: Wu et al. (2010) examined Nrf2 signaling in untreated CLL cells in comparison to normal lymphocytes, revealing that compounds with α-β unsaturated carbonyls, sulfhydryl-reacting metals, and isothiocyanates serve as potent Nrf2 activators. Elevating Nrf2 expression, associated with heme oxygenase-1, could enhance the cytotoxic effects against CLL. Substances like atacrinic acid and PTLwere shown to activate Nrf2 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, indicating that changes in Nrf2 responses may contribute to the selective cytotoxicity seen in CLL (Wu et al., 2010).