The identification of TNF as an early mediator of sepsis, largely through animal models (9, 38), paved the way for the development of anti-TNF biologics like infliximab, etanercept, and adalimumab (53, 54) as cornerstone therapies for RA (53, 55), Crohn’s diseases (48), and ulcerative colitis (49). The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is rheumatoid arthritis.