The identification of TNF as an early mediator of sepsis, largely through animal models (9, 38), paved the way for the development of anti-TNF biologics like infliximab, etanercept, and adalimumab (53, 54) as cornerstone therapies for RA (53, 55), Crohn’s diseases (48), and ulcerative colitis (49). This evidence concerns the gene TNF and ulcerative colitis.