Among the most enriched KEGG pathways, the top-ranked signaling pathways, including the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, HIF-1 signaling pathway, AMPK signaling pathway, and TNF signaling pathway, were closely related to the development of NPC (Fig. 4E, Supplementary Table 7). This evidence concerns the gene AKT1 and nasopharyngeal carcinoma.