TGFB1 and urinary bladder cancer: Interestingly, TGFβ treatment was also shown to promote EMT, migration, and invasion of bladder cancer cells, with a concomitant upregulation of Hh, suggesting crosstalk between these two pathways [105]; whilst primary cilia were not investigated in these studies, components of both Hh and TGFβ pathways localize to cilia [4, 16].