Although SEF of all three groups failed to induce substantial IL-6 and IL-8 responses in CD89+CD14+CD11b+ U937 monocytes, EV fractions induced robust cytokine responses with significantly increased IL-6 and IL-8 levels for samples from UC patients compared to the non-IBD controls (Fig. 2f, g). Here, CD14 is linked to irritable bowel syndrome.