SMAD2 and neoplasm: Transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ) signaling plays a crucial role in the regulation of many cellular processes, including tumor progression by supporting the stem cell and therapy-resistant phenotype of cells.1,2 TGFβ binding triggers TGFBR2 to phosphorylate TGFBR1 and activated TGFBR1 initiates intracellular signaling by phosphorylating SMAD2/3.