TGFB1 and cancer: As mentioned earlier, substantial efforts have been made to develop strategies to block TGFβ signaling in cancer, including anti-sense oligonucleotides (ASOs) and small-molecule inhibitors, resulting in limited clinical efficacy.3 These shortcomings are attributed to poor pharmacodynamics, resistance due to compensatory mechanisms, off-target effects, and dose-limiting systemic toxicity.3 Novel strategies that directly block multiple nodes within the TGFβ signaling pathway have the potential to overcome these limitations.