TNF and rheumatoid arthritis: Pharmacological treatments for RA include conventional disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (cDMARDs), such as methotrexate (MTX) and leflunomide; biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (bDMARDs), such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α inhibitors; and targeted synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (tsDMARDs), such as Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors [11].