TGFB1 and diabetes mellitus: The study evaluated the impact of diabetes on ovarian function, analyzing serum levels of progesterone, estradiol, and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) as key reproductive markers as well as the role of oxidative stress in endocrine dysregulation, assessing TGF-β1 and glutathione peroxidase 3 (GPX3) as biomarkers of oxidative imbalance [35].