TNF and influenza: Both groups of patients have been shown to exhibit certain similarities in their cytokine profiles, such as high levels of interleukines 12 (IL-12), 6 (IL-6), 8 (IL-8), 17A (IL-17A), 22 (IL-22), and 23 (IL-23), IFN-γ, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), in both groups, but also marked differences, as interleukines 2 (IL-2) was found to be significantly increased only in influenza cases, while interleukines 4 (IL-4), 7 (IL-7), and 9 (IL-9) were significantly increased in SARS-CoV-2 infections [77].