DKK1 and rheumatoid arthritis: The biomarkers reviewed, including IL-32, DKK-1, Gal-3, CST, and Fet-A, have demonstrated involvement in the pathophysiology of CVD and the chronic inflammation that characterizes RA, with roles ranging from the modulation of inflammation and vascular remodeling to their involvement in arterial calcification and endothelial dysfunction (Table 1).