This process activates key transcription factors such as c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and κ light chain enhancer of B cell (NF-κB) [41,181], which trigger the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNFα), interleukin-16 (IL-16), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β), exacerbating insulin resistance and chronic inflammation [41]. Here, TNF is linked to Insulin resistance.