3,4-DHAP reduces the expression levels of TLR4, 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX), and LTB4 in plaque macrophages while decreasing the expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) in plaques, thereby slowing the progression of atherosclerosis and stabilizing plaques [128,129,130,131]. Here, VCAM1 is linked to atherosclerosis.