TNF and Parkinson disease: Furthermore, oxidative stress can activate inflammatory signaling pathways, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) pathways [9,10], thereby exacerbating neuroinflammation and contributing to the progression of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Huntington’s disease (HD), and multiple sclerosis (MS) [11,12].