The gene expression of kidney damage markers (Havcr1 and Lcn2) was significantly reduced in the dapagliflozin, NEPROBIN 200 mg, and NEPROBIN 400 mg treatment groups, particularly in the NEPROBIN 200 mg group (30.2% for Havcr1, and 54% for Lcn2 compared to the AD-treated control group) (Figure 5D). Here, LCN2 is linked to Alzheimer disease.