(28) similarly studied ICI-treated NSCLC patients, where they identified multiple plasma-derived EV proteins that overlap with our Short-PFS-related EV protein signature, including TNC, NID1, IGF1, and PPBP, highlighting the potential of urinary EV protein as a viable, non-invasive alternative for biomarker discovery in NSCLC immunotherapy response, that might facilitate home-based monitoring of ICI response, should suitable point-of-care diagnostic technologies be developed. Here, PPBP is linked to non-small cell lung carcinoma.