HIF1A and neoplasm: In summary, while TAMs in solid tumors predominantly facilitate tumor progression through a network of metabolic, migratory, and immune-suppressive pathways (including the TRAPs–PD-L1, SUCNR1–PI3K–HIF-1α, and AHR pathways), those in hematologic malignancies tend to reinforce malignant cell survival and immune evasion within distinct microenvironments.