TNF and Alzheimer disease: Welch’s t-test on exploratory cohort 1 revealed that baseline levels of TNF-α (p = 0.9529), TNFR-1 (p = 0.3349), and TNFR-2 (p = 0.3126) showed non-significant changes in cognitively impaired (MCI and AD) versus CN group (Figure 1).