Further, it reduces phosphorylated ERK and histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) protein levels, inhibits NF-κB signaling activation and reduces IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-6 (41); dose-responsive inhibition of expression of GFAP, a cluster of differentiation 11b (CD11b), ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule-1 (IBA-1), TNF-α, NF-κB, and IL-1β in the amygdala, frontal cortex and hippocampus in neuropathic pain models (42) in neuropathy models, demonstrating significant anti-neuroinflammatory activity. The gene discussed is AIF1; the disease is neuropathic pain.