CCL2 and Alzheimer disease: In an aluminum chloride (AlCl3)-induced AD model in Sprague–Dawley rats, Piper nigrum methanolic extracts were supplemented daily for 3 months at a daily dose of 187.5 and 93.75 mg/kg b.w. Evaluation of the brain and serum identified that C-reactive protein (CRP), total NF-κB, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) were significantly reduced, suggestive of amelioration of neuroinflammation with this treatment (56).