VIP is a neurotransmitter with anti-inflammatory properties, and lower levels of VIP were found in CCC than in indeterminate Chagas disease patients; VIPR1 and VIPR2 encode VIP receptors, and VIPR1 SNP rs342511 and VIPR2 SNP rs885861 were associated with protection from CCC and CCC development, respectively [102]. Here, VIP is linked to Chagas disease.