CD274 and non-small cell lung carcinoma: Furthermore, it has been found that activation of the Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-Akt (PI3K-AKT) pathway increased PD-L1 expression and promoted DDP resistance in NSCLC [111], but there is limited research on the upstream mechanisms that regulate the PIK3-AKT/PD-L1 axis.