The mechanisms by which ncRNAs modulate anti-PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors sensitivity involve miRNA sponge effect, changes in the expression levels of specific genes and signaling pathways that are closely associated with lung cancer development (such as the Transforming growth factor-β/SMAD family (TGF-β/SMAD) and Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) signaling pathways). Here, TGFB1 is linked to lung carcinoma.