In Table 1, the integration of serum PG and Hp antibody (the “ABC” approach) is employed to evaluate the risk of gastric cancer and screen high-risk populations for gastric cancer: “PGI ≤ 70 μg/L and PGR ≤ 3.0” is defined as PG positive (PG+), and “serum Hp antibody titer ≥30 U/mL” is defined as Hp positive (HP+) [23]. Here, HP is linked to gastric cancer.