INS and diabetes mellitus: Higher diversity of gut microbiota has been consistently linked to better metabolic health, enhancement of immune function, and reduced risk of chronic diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease.30,31 Current study findings, along with findings from the Shi et al study on the same metabolically-derived dietary patterns conducted in the TwinsUK cohort,10 align with previous research suggesting that diets rich in anti-inflammatory and insulin-sensitizing foods may foster microbial diversity, which may help mitigate the risk of chronic diseases.