KCNJ5 and neoplasm: KCNJ5 accounts for 40%-70% of APA cases,125,126,129,130 except in Blacks, where CACNA1D is the more prevalent at 42% (vs KCNJ5 at 34%).131 The highest prevalence of KCNJ5 mutations is found in Asian populations.132-136 Patients with somatic KCNJ5 mutation are typically younger women (1.6-4.4:1 female-to-male ratio), with higher aldosterone and hybrid steroid excretion due to co-expression of CYP11B1 and CYP11B2 in APA tissue, larger tumour size, and better clinical outcomes after adrenalectomy (Table 1).125,129,137-139