It is likely that release of GM-CSF by HRS cells may alter the inflammatory TME in cHL, along with the production of GM-CSF by a variety of inflammatory cells, including T-cells, dendritic cells, macrophages, endothelial cells and fibroblasts, which are always present around the neoplastic HRS cells in the involved tissues. The gene discussed is CSF2; the disease is classic Hodgkin lymphoma.