CD4 and neoplasm: A negative correlation between the density of tumor-infiltrated CD4+CXCL13+ cells pre-NAIC and %RVT (spearman’s r = − 0.6412, p = 0.0002) was observed, and this correlation was more pronounced in post-NAIC (spearman’s r = − 0.7691, p < 0.0001) (Supplementary Fig. 5e, f).