VEGFA and breast carcinoma: TAM-specific extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/STAT3 activation, increased vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and arginase- 1 (ARG1) production, and HIF- 1a stabilization have all been implicated in lactate-induced TAM polarization and its protumorigenic effects in breast cancer [23, 60, 62].