Large-scale studies, including the Whitehall II study, the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study, and the UK Biobank, have further substantiated the link between increased GDF15 levels and an elevated risk of developing dementia, highlighting its potential as a biomarker for neurodegenerative disease risk and progression [54–58]. The gene discussed is GDF15; the disease is neurodegenerative disease.