PGF and HELLP syndrome: Reduced PlGF levels are significantly associated with severe PE and are associated with a higher incidence of adverse outcomes, such as intrauterine fetal death, placental abruption, HELLP syndrome, and SGA infants.[29,30] A reduction in PlGF disrupted placental and fetal blood flow, contributing to poor fetal growth and increasing the risk of adverse outcomes.[31] Mechanistically, PlGF is essential for normal placental development as it facilitates angiogenesis and proper vascular remodeling.