PRKN and hepatocellular carcinoma: Moreover, the expression of mitophagy inducers, such as PINK1 and Parkin, and autophagy marker proteins, including LC3 and Beclin-1, which was altered by cynaropicrin, were maintained at the control level, indicating that mtROS acted as a key factor in the induction of mitochondrial autophagy by cynaropicrin in HCC cells.