TLR4 and neoplasm: The NF-κB transcription factors of the Toll-like receptor pathway (TLR; homologous to the Drosophila Toll pathway) are frequently overactivated in different malignant cell types, as for example in the context of oncogenic Ras [10], and contribute to tumor progression by affecting processes such as cell survival and proliferation, invasion, metastasis and angiogenesis [11].