TNF and atherosclerosis: Protocatechuic acid dose-dependently inhibited the inflammation response, as evidenced by a reduction in IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α at the mRNA (Figure 1A,C) and protein levels (Figure 1B,D) in MLCs stimulated or unstimulated with 50 pg/mL of LPS, a reachable level in patients or laboratory animals with atherosclerosis [49,50].