IL6 and Menkes disease: The main inflammatory pathway upregulated in MD is the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway (Figure 2), which involves c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK), IκB kinases (IKKs), mitogen-activated kinases (MAPKs), TNF-α, and interleukin 6 (IL-6) activations [45].