IL-6 is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that can promote tumor cell proliferation and invasion in colorectal cancer, and it is also associated with the proliferation and self-renewal of tumor stem cells, and IL-1β is primarily a pro-inflammatory cytokine that promotes inflammatory responses, potentially exacerbating inflammation within the tumor microenvironment and facilitating cancer cell growth (58, 59). Here, IL1B is linked to cancer.