MUC1 and digestive system disorder: Additionally, gastrointestinal disorders, such as gastroesophageal reflux disease is indeed associated with changes in mucin expression, including MUC1 and MUC2 (Van Roon et al., 2008), and menopause is an important risk factor for gastroesophageal reflux disease and are related to the onset or worsening of asthma symptoms (Benard et al., 1996; Breugelmans et al., 2022; Freuer et al., 2022).