TLR2 and colitis: Studies have shown that Clostridium butyricum, a probiotic, promotes the production of the protective anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 by CD11b+ CD11c intermediate F4/80+ intestinal macrophages through the Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2)/MyD88 signaling pathway, thereby ameliorating symptoms of DSS-induced colitis in mice (Hayashi et al., 2013).