VEGFA and neoplasm: On the one hand, TCM monomers may inhibit the expression or activity of angiogenic factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and reduce the formation of new blood vessels (Zou et al., 2020); on the other hand, nanomaterials can improve the permeability of tumor blood vessels and enhance the delivery efficiency of drugs, so that more TCM monomers can reach tumor cells (Zeng et al., 2023).