BDNF and Cognitive impairment: In Table 3, the analysis compares the levels of BDNF (pg/ml), BACE1 (ng/ml), VEGF (pg/ml), GFAP (ng/ml), and IL-1β (pg/ml) between groups with cognitive impairment and cognitively unimpaired, utilizing two-sample t-tests and the Wilcoxon rank sum (Mann–Whitney U) test as appropriate.