In ileal CD, the uniquely regulated proteins CUB domain-containing protein 1 (CDCP1), leukemia inhibitory factor receptor (LIF-R), and C-X3-C motif chemokine ligand 1 (CX3CL1) were all downregulated in patients with active inflammation compared to non-IBD controls. This evidence concerns the gene CX3CL1 and Cowden disease.