Consistent with previous research (Song et al., 2024), the present results demonstrated that CCH induces an increase in the number of GFAP+ and Iba1+ cells (GFAP+ cells, P < 0.01; Iba-1+ cells, P < 0.001, model group vs. sham group) (Figures 4A-C). This evidence concerns the gene AIF1 and columnar cell hyperplasia of the breast.