TNF and pulmonary fibrosis: Another recent study demonstrated that vitamin E significantly attenuates bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis by improving mitochondrial structure and function, modulating iron metabolism, reducing inflammation (significantly reducing the transcriptional levels of interleukin-6 (Il-6), interleukin-33 (Il-33), chemokine ligand 5 (Ccl5) and TNF-α, as well as inhibiting the fibrotic effects on epithelial cells and fibroblasts (177).